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The Border War (alternatively, Border Showdown) is the name of the rivalry between athletic teams from the University of Missouri and University of Kansas, the Missouri Tigers and the Kansas Jayhawks. Athletic competition between the two schools began in the 1890s when both schools were in the Western Interstate University Football Association. From 1907 to 2012 both schools were in the same athletic conference and competed annually in all sports. ''Sports Illustrated'' described the rivalry as the oldest (Division I) rivalry west of the Mississippi River in 2011, but it has been dormant since Missouri departed the Big 12 Conference for the Southeastern Conference on July 1, 2012. Despite overtures from Missouri to continue athletic competition, no further games have been scheduled between the two schools.〔Dodds, Dennis. "Once Glorious Missouri-Kansas Rivalry Ends (For Now) Quietly." http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/story/16251303/onceglorious-missourikansas-rivalry-ends-for-now-quietly〕 The rivalry has historic roots in the often violent relationship between the states of Kansas and Missouri, including guerrilla warfare between the states before and during the American Civil War. ==Background== Many believe the rivalry can trace its history to open violence involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery elements that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of Missouri throughout the 1850s.〔http://kcmetrosports.com/MetroSports-BorderWar.aspx〕〔http://www.mcwm.org/history_mizzoukansas.html〕〔http://www.news.ku.edu/2011/october/25/borderconference.shtml〕 These incidents were attempts by some Missourians (then a slave state) to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. The era of political turbulence and violence has been termed Bleeding Kansas. When the Civil War began, the animosity that developed during the Kansas territorial period erupted in particularly vicious fighting. In the opening year of the war, six Missouri towns (the largest being Osceola) and large swaths of western Missouri were plundered and burned by various forces from Kansas. These attacks led to a retaliatory raid on Lawrence, Kansas two years later (Lawrence Massacre), which led to General Order No. 11 (1863), the forced depopulation of several western Missouri counties. The raid on Lawrence was led by William Quantrill, a Confederate guerrilla born in Ohio who had formed his bushwhacker group at the end of 1861. When the Civil War began, Quantrill was a resident of Lawrence, Kansas teaching school. However, a recent analysis of the rivalry's history concludes that historical memories of the Civil War era were not introduced into the athletic rivalry until the 1970s, and the historical angle did not seep into the popular imagination until the 1990s. The mascots of the two universities were also derived from this time period. The University of Kansas, like many other universities, had no official mascot during the early years of its existence. The football team had used many different independent mascots, including a pig. In the three years preceding and the decades following the Civil War, the term “Jayhawker” was generally an epithet denoting “plundering marauder” both in the Missouri-Kansas region and nationally.〔Lawrence Western Home Journal; Lawrence, KS; December 9, 1875; Page 3. “The term ‘Jayhawker’ is a rival term to ‘Marauder.’ It is of similar import, and now threatens to displace its old ally from the vocabulary of western phrases.”〕〔John Russell Bartlett, Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases, Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States, Fourth Edition. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 1877. “Jayhawker: A cant (slang) name in the Western States for a lawless or other soldier not enlisted; a freebooting armed man; a guerilla.”〕〔The New York Times; January 1, 1893. “…our own (American) term for a lawless band who fight less for a cause than the sake of booty, ‘The Jayhawkers’…”〕〔Conrad, Howard L. Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, Vol. III. The Southern History Company, New York, 1901. Page 422. “A name applied to a set of marauders and robbers in Kansas, who made the border counties of Missouri, the field of predatory raids during the slavery troubles of 1855-60. They were adherents of the Free State cause in Kansas, and acted on the assumption that the people of Missouri were their enemies, whom they had a perfect belligerent right to plunder at discretion.”〕〔Daniel E. Sutherland. Jayhawkers and Bushwackers. The Encylcopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net “Jayhawker” originated in Kansas… Kansans liked the tough image it conveyed during those bloody days of pre-Civil War violence, and they continued to use it once the war began. Missourians applied the name to Kansans, too, but negatively. They thought it fit the destructive raiders who plundered and destroyed their property before and during the war…This usage was so widely known by the time of the war that Arkansans called any Kansas troops who entered the state jayhawkers… …Jayhawkers would always be linked to Kansas, but so notorious had the violence perpetrated by early Kansas raiders become that the nature of the deed, rather than any geographical place, came to define the name.”〕 However, after Charles Jenison christened the Seventh Kansas Volunteer Cavalry “The Independent Kansas Jayhawkers” in 1861, the term also began to be used as a term for any troops from Kansas, and eventually by Kansans as a term they proudly applied to themselves.〔The Allen County Courant (Iola, Kansas), May 23, 1868; Vol. 2, No. 19. “Origin of the Word Jayhawking In Application to the People of Kansas. Incidents in the early History of the Territory."〕 By the late 1800s, it had become synonymous with native Kansans, much like Hoosiers in the state of Indiana. According to the University of Kansas, when KU football players first took the field in 1890, they were called the Jayhawkers.〔http://www.kuathletics.com/sports/2013/6/21/GEN_0621134707.aspx?〕 The University of Missouri also adopted a civil-war related name. When the MU football team was first formed in 1890, at a mass meeting of students and interested citizens held to perfect the organization of the team, “Tigers” was unanimously selected as the team name.〔The Missouri Alumnus. “Why M. U. Athletes are Called ‘Tigers”. Volume V, No. 11, pp. 189-190. March 2, 1917.〕 During the Civil War, the "Tigers" were a "home guard" unit that protected Columbia from guerilla attack. The Tigers militia unit was commanded by James Rollins, upon whom the MU’s Board of Curators later bestowed the title of “''Pater Universitatis Missouriensis''” (Father of the University of Missouri) in recognition of his “''great efforts to promote the posterity, usefulness, and success''” of the University.〔Smith, William Benjamin. James Sidney Rollins, Memoir. New York: De Vinne Press, 1891. Page 49.〕 Ironically, they once protected Columbia from attack by a band led by "Bloody Bill" Anderson, who participated in the Burning of Lawrence along with Quantrill.〔〔http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/2011/sep/25/tigers-football-had-a-modest-beginning/?webapp#fontsize〕 Over the years, the series has developed into one of the most bitter and hateful rivalries in college sports. In the early football match ups, the sidelines would be occupied by Civil War Veterans from both sides. They once stood across from each other on the battlefield, now they looked across an athletic field. The emotions of an actual war once fought between the states became infused into the athletic contests between the 2 institutions. Overtime, even the coaches have gotten into the rivalry. Former Kansas football coach Don Fambrough, when referred to a physician across the state line in Kansas City, Missouri, for treatment, exclaimed "I'll die first!".〔(Opinion: Border War never mattered more - College football - MSNBC.com )〕 Not to be outdone, Missouri's former basketball coach Norm Stewart would traditionally have his players stay in Kansas City, Missouri, before playing at Kansas, going so far as to require the team bus to buy its gasoline at a Missouri filling station and reprimanding players who ate in Kansas, as he did not want to put any money into Kansas' economy. The 2007 football season brought the origins of the rivalry between the two states back into the spotlight. A T-shirt created by a Missouri alumnus gained national attention with its reference to Quantrill's Raid of 1863.〔(We Burned Your Town To The Ground! -- NCAAFB FanHouse )〕 The shirt depicted the burning of Lawrence in 1863 following the raid of William Quantrill and his Bushwhackers. The image of Lawrence burning was paired with the word “Scoreboard” and a Mizzou logo. On the back of the shirts, William Quantrill was quoted, saying "Our cause is just, our enemies many." Some Kansas fans interpreted these shirts as supporting slavery, and in recent years, the epithet "Slavers" has been employed by many KU fans to refer to anything related to Missouri. KU supporters returned fire with a shirt depicting abolitionist John Brown with the words, “Kansas: Keeping America Safe From Missouri Since 1854.”〔(Columbia Missourian - Unlicensed T-shirts bring the MU-KU rivalry up a notch )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Border War (Kansas–Missouri rivalry)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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